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     Erik II, (?) King of Norway was born in 1268.
     Erik II, (?) King of Norway married Isabel de Bruce Queen of Norway, daughter of Robert de Bruce Earl of Carrick, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie Carrick Countess of Carrick, in 1293. They had a child in 1297.
     Erik died in 1299. He was the king of Norway from 1280 until 1299.

     
     Ethelred died in 1016?.

     Gabran, (?) King of Dalriada was the son of Domangart (?).

     Gwerthefyr ab Aergul (Voteporix), (?) King of Dyfed was born at Wales. He was the son of Aergul Lawhir ap Tryffin (?).
     Gwerthefyr died after 539.

     
     Because James IV felt guilty for being involved, although unwillingly, in the death of his father, James III, he wore an iron chain around his waist as penance. Every year on the anniversary of his father's death, he added another weight to the belt.
Under James IV, Scotland was very progressive. Major changes were taking place in Europe, including the end of the feudal system. James wanted his realm to take its proper place in the new world. James gave to the Scottish realm the effective power which made it a "new monarchy: His reign was an expression of his own personality and its achievements were largely due to his own vigor and ability. Another university, the third, was founded at Aberdeen, the printing press came to Scotland, architecture flourished with the remodeling of palaces at Falkirk and Stirling Castle. A navy was established and James felt great pride for the Great Michael, the largest warship ever to have been built in Scotland. He was a true prince of the Renaissance in developing the military power of his country. The people were instructed to practice archery instead of golf and football. James was a learned man with many interests, which included sports, clothes, music, hunting, the arts, and architecture. James granted the barbers and physicians the right to form a guild and the sole right to sell whiskey which was a medicine. Each year the guild was also given the corpse of a hanged criminal in order to learn more about human anatomy. James was interested in surgery and himself extracted a tooth, set a broken leg, bled a patient. He was even interested in alchemy and financed an adventurer who thought he could find out how to produce gold.
It was reported to the King of Spain that James "is exceptionally clever, and can speak Latin, French, German, Flemish, Italian and the barbarian Gaelic, the native tongue of nearly all his subjects. He knows the Bible well and is conversant with most subjects. He is a good historian and reads Latin and French history, committing much to memory. He does not cut his hair or his beard. He is devout and says all his prayers. He maintains that the oath of a king should be his royal word, as was the case in bygone times. He is active and works hard, when he is not at war he hunts in the mountains. He is courageous. I have seen him undertake most dangerous things in the last wars. On such occasions he does not take the least care of himself." This portrait of the King by the Spaniard may have been exaggerated and he may not have spoken the number of languages that Ayala says.
At the beginning of his reign the Highlands were in turmoil, mainly due to the feud between the MacDonalds and MacKenzies. He visited the Isles six times and finally he took the Lordship of the Isles away from the MacDonalds of Islay and annexed MacDonald lands. He tried to treat the Highland chiefs like Lowland barons but this didn't work. Later he used the strongest clans, the Campbells and the Gordons to keep order. This was successful on a short term but in the long run it did not prove out as this further divided the clans because other chiefs resented the interference.
James was interested in education and made it mandatory for all men of means to send their eldest son to schools to study the arts, law and Latin. His intention was to keep the elite and wealthy in positions of power. It was also mandatory for all young men to train in warfare.
What comes through is the King's love of good government and of his people. His domestic policy was the suppression of disorder and the improvement of governmental machinery.
James wanted to marry Margaret Drummond. However, shortly after the political marriage between himself and Margaret Tudor, Henry VII's daughter, had been proposed to him, Margaret Drummond and her two sisters were found murdered. They had been poisoned. James never forgot her and prayed for her soul for the rest of his life. He married Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor, with whom he had six children, only one of whom survived. This was more of a political marriage, as most were, than a romantic one. He signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in Glasgow Cathedral. James was 28 and Margaret 12. The ceremony to receive the young Queen was filled with pageantry and something that Scotland had not seen before. "The queen was dressed in white satin damask bordered with crimson velvet, with a collar of gold and pearls, a present from the King. Her long hair nearly reached the floor. The King was also dressed in white damask with gold trimmings, over a jacket slashed in crimson satin and edged with black velvet." The queen was very unhappy away from her home. Of course, she was just a child.
Ten years after the marriage feast and the declaration of lasting peace between England and Scotland, James once more found himself at war with the English. By the auld alliance James IV was bound to support France so when Henry VIII invaded France, the Scottish king invaded England. He also had some grievances with Henry VIII because he would not send the jewelry that had been promised by Henry VII to Scotland as part of the dowry of Margaret. Another reason was that two Scottish ships had been seized by the English. Henry VIII refused to return them even though James had returned captured English vessels during Henry VII's reign.
His reign ended tragically. He and his army were wiped out at Flodden in 1513. He had gathered an army of 20,000, the most powerful that Scotland had ever put on the field and took it to Norhumbria. The Scots chose an ideal position on Flodden Hill for the battle. The Earl of Surrey who was a skillful general was in command of the English army. He realized that he had to make the Scots change position and so he marched his army to the north, cutting of their retreat. The Scots were arranged in five groups, like Bruce's formation at Bannockburn. The English were divided into two groups. The Scots had cannons but they were very unwieldy, not like the much lighter artillery of the English. Also, the English had expert German gunners at the cannons. The English shot great gaps in the ranks of the Scots. Instead of letting the English come up the hill to him, he chose to advance down the hill. The ground was slippery and the Scots could not remain a wall of spears coming toward the English. The Scots spears were 19 feet long and the English used shorter axe-like weapons which were easier to use. The central part of his army had almost reached the Earl of Surrey when James was killed. At the end of the battle at nightfall, more than 10,000 brave Scots lay dead on Flodden Hill, including the King, the Archbishop of St. Andrews, two bishops, three abbots, nine earls, fourteen lords and three Highland chiefs. Their bodies were buried in deep pits and a monument stands now to commemorate the battle and their loss.
St. Pauls Church near the battlefield has printed a booklet about the battle. It says, in part: "Thus ended the last medieval battle to be found on English soil. Never again were knights to fight in armor, their personal standards flying. Never again were arrows, swords and spears to be the decisive weapons. Small arms, still unknown at Flodden, would gradually take their place."
When James died, the people of Edinburgh felt they would never be safe from the English unless they protected themselves. They started building fortifications but the English did not attack again. The wall that was completed around the city was named Flodden Wall. Some parts of it can still be seen.
Scotland never fully recovered from the defeat. James was a popular king, the greatest by far of all the house of Stewart. He does not deserve the blame which tradition has accorded to him. It was Henry, not James, who was responsible for the war and one reason that he was ill prepared was that he strove to keep the peace to the very last. His campaign was not at fault. His defeat in battle was primarily due to the fact that his ill organized force, numerically not much more than that of the enemy, was not adequate for its task.. So many died with him, including his brilliant bastard son, the Archbishop of St. Andrews. Again, the country was to suffer the uncertainties of a long minority for James V was only 17 months old.
James's body was disembowelled, embalmed and sent to London. His body, grotesquely preserved, was kept in the Monastery of Sheen, then thrown in a lumber room. Years later itt was discovered by workmen who cut off the head and used it for a macabre plaything. It was passed from one English noble to another for years, until it was finally buried in an anonymous grave. James IV, (?) King of Scotland was born on 17 March 1473 at Scotland. He was the son of James III, King of Scotland and Margaret, Princess of Denmark. James IV, (?) King of Scotland ruled Scotland from 1488 to 1513.
     James IV, (?) King of Scotland married Princess Margaret, Tudor Queen of Scotland in August 1503.
     James died on 9 September 1513 at Flodden, Northumberland, England, aged 40. He was buried at Shene, Richmond, Surrey.

     James V, (?) King of Scotland was born on 10 April 1512. He was the son of James IV, (?) King of Scotland and Princess Margaret, Tudor Queen of Scotland. James V, (?) King of Scotland ruled Scotland from 1513 to 1542. James V., of Scotland, succeeded, in 1513, on the death of his father, James IV, though only eighteen months old. At the age of 17 he assumed the government, and assisted Francis I of France against Charles V., for which the former gave him his daughter Margaret in marriage. On her decease he married, in 1539, Mary of Lorraine, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise. James died in 1542, leaving his crown to Mary Stuart, his infant daughter, then only eight days old.
     James died on 13 December 1542 at Falkland Palace, Fife, aged 30.

     
     James VI of Scotland loathed violence and was very insecure. In fact, he wore heavily padded clothing most of his life as a method of protecting himself from being stabbed. After the raid at Stirling, he found a friend and protector, Esme Stuart, whom he made Duke of Lennox. Esme had spent most of his life in France and was educated and sophisticated. Morton had given James a certain amount of power and as his confidence grew, Morton could no longer control him. Morton was accused by James Stewart of being in on the plot to kill Darnley and James did nothing to protect Morton who was executed.
It is believed that the relationship between Lennox and James was a homosexual one. It was Lennox who put forth the idea to James of the divine right of Kings, that he was above the people and the Church, whereas Knox and the Presbyterians thought that the King should rule Scotland for God and be an ordinary member of the Kirk.
Regents: The coronation of James was not exactly the splendid pageant one would expect. Only 7 lords showed up to see him crowned King of Scotland. The Earl of Moray, who was a strong Protestant, was made Regent for James. However, his Regency did not last long as he was assassinated in 1570. Three Regents followed, with James being the pawn in their struggle for power, until James began his rule in 1585 at the age of 21. Scotland had suffered from a succession of kings who had been crowned as children and the country was ruled by regents for 100 of the years between 1406 and 1587. The second Regent was James' grandfather, the Earl of Lennox (Darnley's father). Lennox was elderly and ineffectual and was shot during a raid. The third was the Earl of Mar who held the office for less than a year before he died, albeit of natural causes. The last Regent was the Earl of Morton who had been a ringleader in the killing of Darnley and Rissio (Mary Queen of Scot's trusted counselor and confidant). Morton is reported to have been a "crude, uneducated thug" but his strength kept Scotland together. He kept in favor with Elizabeth, defeated the Catholics who were trying to restore Mary and kept the Protestant ministers from taking over the government. The Earls of Argyll and Atholl opposed Morton. Morton's plan was to resign the regency and control the government from behind the scenes. During this struggle for power, the young Earl of Mar who was a Morton supporter stormed into Stirling Castle and captured the King. James was terrified. Mar had been his old guardian's son and a playmate as a child. He learned that you could trust no one.
. James VI & 1, (?) King of Scotland and England was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, Midlothian, Scotland. He married Anne of Denmark. He was the son of Henry Stewart Lord Darnley and Mary Stewart Queen of Scots.
     James died on 27 March 1625 aged 58.

     Llywelyn ab Iorweth, The Great, (?) Prince of Gwynedd was born in 1173 at Wales. He was the son of Iorweth Drwyndwn ab Owain Gwynedd (?) and Margred ferch Madog (?).
     In 1194 he demanded, and obtained, with struggle, his hereditary crown of North Wales from his uncle David ap Owen Gwynedd. This monarch after an eventful reign of 56 years d. 1240 and was buried in the abbey of Conwy. He was succeeded by his grandson Llewelyn ap Griffith, the last native Sovereign prince of Wales recognised by the English monarchs. He was slain at Builth in the valley of the Wye 11 Dec 1282.
     Llywelyn ab Iorweth, The Great, (?) Prince of Gwynedd married Joan (?), daughter of John, King of England, circa 1204. In as much as there is much confusion in printed sources and newsgroup archives regarding the marriage date of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales, and his wife, Joan, daughter of King John, Douglas Richardson of the Gen-Medieval Mailing list, contacted the English historian, Louise Wilkinson, Ph.D. Dr. Wilkinson recently delivered a paper on Joan at the Tenth Thirteenth Century England Conference held at St. Aidan's College, Durham in September 2003 [see website for details of conference ~ [EMAIL:]http://www.dur.ac.uk/History/confs/tce.htm[:EMAIL]].
Dr. Wilkinson replied:
"... references to the marriage settlement first appear in the records of the English Chancery in October 1204. See Rot. Litt. Claus. I, p.12. The charter, formally recording the settlement, appears in April 1205. See Rot. Litt. Claus., I.i., p. 147." [Note: Rot. Litt. Claus. is an abbreviation for Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi].
Dr. Wilkinson stated that she has "encountered problems sorting out the daughters [of Joan]," and has "generally been guided by A.J. Roderick, 'Marriage and Politics, 1066-1282', Welsh Hist. Review, 4, 1968-69."
Dr. Wilkinson also recommended "an extremely good article" by Huw Pryce on Llywelyn and Joan entitled 'Negotiating Anglo-Welsh
Relations: Llywelyn the Great and Henry III,' which article is found in the book, England and Europe in the Reign of Henry III, edited by B.K.U. Weiler and I.W. Rowlands (Aldershot, 2002).
     In 1194, Llywelyn ab Iorweth, the rightful heir, became prince of Gwynnedd, upsetting Henry's arrangements of 1170; in 1212 he, in alliance with other princes, attacked the Normans in Powys and Gwynedd and rapidly extended his conquest during John's struggle with his Barons, in 1217 he did homage to Henry III, in 1219 he had become "Prince of all Wales", holding his own and helping the barons against Henry III, in 1238 he extracted an oath of fealty to his son Dafydd from the leaders of Wales and he died in 1240. Llywelyn ab Iorweth, The Great, (?) Prince of Gwynedd was buried in 1240 at Conwy abbey, Wales.
     Llywelyn died in 1240.

     Madog ap Maredudd, (?) Prince of Powys Fadog was the son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn (?) Lord of Powys.
     Madog ap Maredudd, (?) Prince of Powys Fadog married Susanna f Gruffudd ap Cynan (?), daughter of Gruffydd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd and Angharad f Owain ab Edwin (?). His wife was possibly Susanna ferch Gruffudd ap Cynan (sister of #4), who was wife of Madog ap Maredudd, but Madog is known to have had children by other women also, and Bartrum does not list a mother for Margred in his charts in BWG, indicating that the early sources do not identify Margred's mother. PF, vol. 1, pp. 119-124 states that Margred (Margaret) was daughter of Madog by Susanna, but this source also gives Madog a chronologically impossible second wife Maude who md. 2nd, John Fitz Alan, d. 1268, earl of Arundel, who lived a hundred years later, and PF cannot be considered reliable on this matter.
     Madog died in 1160.

     Malcolm II, (?) King of Scotland was the son of Kenneth II, King of Scotland.
     Malcolm died in 1034.

     Tewdrig, (?) King of Garthmadrun was born at Wales. He was the son of Teithfall ap Teithrin (?).

     Aergul Lawhir ap Tryffin (?) was born at Wales. He was the son of Tryffin Farfog ab Aed Brosc, King of Dyfed.

     
     Afandreg f Gwair (?) married Iago ab Idwal (?), son of Idwal ap Meurig (?). Stewart Baldwin does not give a name, he states ABT.6i gives her as "Afandreg ferch Wair ap Pyll ..." etc., a supposed descendant of the legendary Llywarch Hen through a string of unidentifiable names. I consider this data doubtful. Afandreg f Gwair (?) was born at Wales. She was the daughter of Gwair ap Pill (?).

     
     Agnes f Rhys (?) married Dafydd ap Maredudd (?), son of Maredudd ap Hywel (?) and Gwenhwyfar f Ieuan (?).

     
     Agnes of the Isles (?) married Sir John Montgomery (of Ardrossan). Agnes of the Isles (?) was born at Scotland.

     Alan (?) was born . Alan, who is principally known from the large dowries he gave to his sisters, and his grants to his brother and to the priory of Carlisle. He and his brother Gospatric appear as witnesses to a charter of King David I on 16 August 1139, He had a son Waldeve, who predeceased him, and his male line ceased. He was the son of Waldeve (?) and Sigrid or Sigarith (?).

     Alcwn ap Tegid (?) was born at Wales. He was the son of Tegid ap Gwair (?).

     Aldud ab Owain (?) was born before 1105 at Wales. He was the son of Owain ab Edwin (?) and Morwyl f Ednywain Bendew (?).

     Algitha or Ealdgith (?) was the daughter of Uchtred Earl of Northumberland and Elgiva or Aelgifu (?). Algitha or Ealdgith (?) was also known as Aldgyth (?) in some records.
     Algitha or Ealdgith (?) married Maldred or Malcolm, King of Cumbria, son of Crinan the Thane and Beatrice or Bethoc (?). He married Ealdgith or Algitha, daughter of Uchtred, Earl of Northumberland, by his wife Aelgifu or Elgiva, daughter of Aethelred II King of England.

     Alice f William ap Griffith (?) was born at Caernarvonshire, Wales. Ales daughter of William Griffith ap Robin of Cochwillan.
     Alice f William ap Griffith (?) married Meredith ap Ieuan Wyn, son of Ieuan ap Robert and Catherine f Rhys ap Howel Vychan (?), at Wales. He married secondly Gwenhwyfer, daughter of Gruffydd ap Howel y Farf, relict of Robert Griffith, of Plas Newydd. He co-habited with Margaret, daughter of Morris ap John ap Meredydd, of Clenenney; she only co-habited with him, as his 2nd wife survived him. They had issue.

     Alirad (?) was the son of Flotharius (?).

     Anaeiwrodd f Gwrgeneu (?) was born at Wales. She was the daughter of Gwrgeneu ab Ednywain (?).

     Anarawd Gwalch-crwn ap Merfyn Mawr (?) was born at Wales. He was the son of Merfyn Mawr, King of Man.

     
     Angharad f David ap Llewelyn (?) married Robert ap Meredith (?), son of Maredudd ap Hywel (?) and Morfudd f Ieuan Goch ap David (?), at Wales. He was 80 when he married Anghared. Angharad f David ap Llewelyn (?) was born at Cardiganshire, Wales. She was the daughter of David ap Llewelyn ap David (?).
     Continue her line in Bartrum's Llowdden6..

     Angharad f Hywel Dda (?) was born before 929 at Wales. She was the daughter of Hywel Dda ap Cadell (?) and Elen f Llywarch (?).

     Angharad f Ithel (?) was born at Wales. She was the daughter of Ithel Fychan (?) and Adles f Richard.

     
     Angharad f Llywelyn (?) married Owain ap Hywel Dda (?), son of Hywel Dda ap Cadell (?) and Elen f Llywarch (?). Angharad f Llywelyn (?) was born at Wales. She was the daughter of Llywelyn ap Merfyn (?).

     Angharad f Maredudd ab Owain (?) was born at Wales. She was the great grand dauaghter of the lawgiver Hywel Dda, King of Deheubarth. She was the daughter of Maredudd ab Owain (?).
     Angharad f Maredudd ab Owain (?) married Llewelyn ap Seisyll (?) before 1020.
     Angharad f Maredudd ab Owain (?) married Cynfyn ap Gwerystan (?), son of Gwerystan ap Gwaithfoed (?) and Nest f Cadell ap Brochwel (?), circa 1024.